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[In 1847] Faustin Elie Soulouque (1785-1867), a former black slave, became
Haiti's president, and in 1849, he proclaimed himself emperor as Faustin I. An
extremely repressive ruler, with a lavish court, he failed several times to
conquer the neighboring Dominican Republic and was finally deposed in a bloody
revolt (1858-59), mainly by mulattoes who had once backed him but whom he had
turned against. Soulouque fled into exile, and one of his generals, Nicholas
Fabre Geffrard (1806-79), who led the revolt, declared a republic, became
president, and tried to institute needed reforms with little success.
Counterrevolutionaries constantly disrupted his government, which was recognized
by the United States in 1862.
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