Balaiada Rebellion 1838-1841 [was one of the] eight of the more famous revolts in the 1834-49 period included the participation of lower-class people, Indians, free and runaway blacks, and slaves, which accounts for their often fierce suppression...

the Balaiada Rebellion in Maranhao in 1838-41... were propelled simultaneously by antiregency and promonarchial sentiments. Such unrest dispels the notion that the history of state formation in Brazil was peaceful. Instead, it shows the confrontation between the national government and the splinteringpátrias , which would continue in varying degrees for the next century.